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MM XRD: Free open-source: Java 3D applet or standalone program: Ovito: MM XRD EM MD: Free open-source: Python [13] [14] PyMOL: MM XRD SMI EM: Open-source [15] Python [16] [self-published source?] According to the author, almost 1/4 of all published images of 3D protein structures in the scientific literature were made via PyMOL. [citation ...
For example, multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion phasing requires that the scattering be recorded at least three (and usually four, for redundancy) wavelengths of the incoming X-ray radiation. A single crystal may degrade too much during the collection of one data set, owing to radiation damage; in such cases, data sets on multiple crystals ...
William Lawrence Bragg proposed a model where the incoming X-rays are scattered specularly (mirror-like) from each plane; from that assumption, X-rays scattered from adjacent planes will combine constructively (constructive interference) when the angle θ between the plane and the X-ray results in a path-length difference that is an integer ...
X-ray diffraction computed tomography is an experimental technique that combines X-ray diffraction with the computed tomography data acquisition approach. X-ray diffraction (XRD) computed tomography (CT) was first introduced in 1987 by Harding et al. [1] using a laboratory diffractometer and a monochromatic X-ray pencil beam.
To see where the Scherrer equation comes from, it is useful to consider the simplest possible example: a set of N planes separated by the distance, a. The derivation for this simple, effectively one-dimensional case, is straightforward. First, the structure factor for this case is derived, and then an expression for the peak widths is determined.
Examples of T1-weighted, T2-weighted and PD-weighted MRI scans To generate an observable image using MRI, the target is placed in a powerful magnetic field, such as that of an MRI machine. This causes the axes of the hydrogen protons inside the target, which are usually randomly aligned according to equilibrium, to be lined up in the same ...
Rietveld refinement is a technique described by Hugo Rietveld for use in the characterisation of crystalline materials. The neutron and X-ray diffraction of powder samples results in a pattern characterised by reflections (peaks in intensity) at certain positions.
Three-dimensional X-ray diffraction (3DXRD) is a microscopy technique using hard X-rays (with energy in the 30-100 keV range) to investigate the internal structure of polycrystalline materials in three dimensions.