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Gas phase ion chemistry is a field of science encompassed within both chemistry and physics. It is the science that studies ions and molecules in the gas phase, most often enabled by some form of mass spectrometry. By far the most important applications for this science is in studying the thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions.
Penning ionization is a form of chemi-ionization, an ionization process involving reactions between neutral atoms or molecules. [1] [2] The Penning effect is put to practical use in applications such as gas-discharge neon lamps and fluorescent lamps, where the lamp is filled with a Penning mixture to improve the electrical characteristics of the lamps.
Chemi-ionization is the formation of an ion through the reaction of a gas phase atom or molecule with another atom or molecule when the collision energy is below the energy required to ionize the reagents. [1] [2] The reaction may involve a reagent in an excited state [3] or may result in the formation of a new chemical bond.
A Penning mixture is a mixture of gases that is used in electric gas-discharge lamps. It is defined as a mixture of one inert gas with a minute amount of another gas, one that has lower ionization voltage than the main constituent. It is named after Frans Michel Penning. [1] [2]
The two most popular types of ion traps are the Penning trap, which forms a potential via a combination of static electric and magnetic fields, and the Paul trap which forms a potential via a combination of static and oscillating electric fields. [2] Penning traps can be used for precise magnetic measurements in spectroscopy.
Electron capture ionization (ECI) is the ionization of a gas phase atom or molecule by attachment of an electron to create an ion of the form A −•.The reaction is + where the M over the arrow denotes that to conserve energy and momentum a third body is required (the molecularity of the reaction is three).
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The ability to couple gas chromatography with a low-fragmentation ionization technique on an LC-MS, for example, can be utilized in the analysis of saturated hydrocarbons. Electron impact ionization commonly used in GC-MS leads to difficult-to-interpret fragmentation spectra, while plasma ionization provides fragmentation-free spectra. [7]