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The vessels are hence normally protected by Wharton's jelly, which prevents rupture during pregnancy and labor. [10] In velamentous cord insertion, the vessels of the umbilical cord are improperly inserted in the chorioamniotic membrane, and hence the vessels traverse between the amnion and the chorion towards the placenta .
The following have been identified as risk factors for placenta previa: Previous placenta previa (recurrence rate 4–8%), [13] caesarean delivery, [14] myomectomy [10] or endometrium damage caused by D&C. [13] Women who are younger than 20 are at higher risk and women older than 35 are at increasing risk as they get older.
Placenta previa is a condition that occurs when the placenta fully or partially covers the cervix. [13] Placenta previa can be further categorized into complete previa, partial previa, marginal previa, and low-lying placenta, depending on the degree to which the placenta covers the internal cervical os.
Along with placenta previa and uterine rupture it is one of the most common causes of vaginal bleeding in the later part of pregnancy. [6] Placental abruption is the reason for about 15% of infant deaths around the time of birth. [2] The condition was described at least as early as 1664. [7]
Vasa previa is diagnosed with ultrasound when echolucent linear or tubular structures are found overlying the cervix or in close proximity to it. Transvaginal ultrasound is the preferred modality. Color, power and pulsed wave Doppler should be used to confirm that the structures are fetal vessels.
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Placental disease is more common in preterm gestation than with full term. [10] Which leads to serious injuries to both the mother and the new-born. [ 11 ] Women who endured placental disease within the first pregnancy has an increased risk of the disease progressing within future pregnancies. [ 13 ]
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