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Liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibody (anti-LKM1) is an autoantibody associated with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). [1] Specifically, its presence in AIH defines type 2 AIH, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] although it has been proposed that anti-liver cytosol type 1 autoantibody without detectable anti-LKM1 can be seen in type 2 AIH. [ 4 ]
Binding of the antibody to the amino terminus of the TSH receptor shows stimulatory activity, whereas binding to residues 261-370 or 388-403 block the activity. TRAbs are present in 70–100% of Graves' disease (85–100% for activating antibodies and 75–96% for blocking antibodies) and 1–2% of normal individuals. [1] [2] [11]
An anti-LKM antibody (anti–liver-kidney microsomal antibody or LKM antibody) is any of several autoantibodies that are detected in the serum of patients with different types of acute or chronic liver disease. These antibodies are targeted against antigens of the cytochrome P450 system.
References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy, [10] diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such as inaccuracy, lack of standardisation, lack of certified reference material and differing antibody reactivity. [11]
Anti-topoisomerase antibodies: Type I topoisomerase: systemic sclerosis (anti-Scl-70 antibodies) Anti-histone antibodies: histones: SLE and drug-induced LE [4] Anti-p62 antibodies [5] nucleoporin 62: primary biliary cirrhosis [5] [6] [7] Anti-sp100 antibodies [6] Sp100 nuclear antigen: Anti-glycoprotein-210 antibodies [7] nucleoporin 210kDa ...
Patients on LT 4 monotherapy may have blood T 3 levels low or below the normal range, [21] [76] and/or may have local T 3 deficiency in some tissues. [ 84 ] Although both molecules can have biological effects, thyroxine (T 4 ) is considered the "storage form" of thyroid hormone, while tri-iodothyronine (T 3 ) is considered the active form used ...
A number of specific antibodies found in the blood (antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-smooth muscle antibody (SMA), anti-liver kidney microsomal antibodies (LKM-1, LKM-2, LKM-3), anti soluble liver antigen (SLA), liver–pancreas antigen (LP), and anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA)) are of use, as is finding an increased immunoglobulin G level.
May contain antithyroid antibodies; Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities consistent with encephalopathy (26% of cases) Single photon emission computed tomography shows focal and global hypoperfusion (75% of cases) Cerebral angiography is normal; Thyroid hormone abnormalities are common (>80% of cases): [citation needed]