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  2. Obligatory synergies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligatory_synergies

    The extension synergy for the lower extremity includes hip extension, adduction and internal rotation, knee extension, ankle plantar flexion and inversion, and toe plantar flexion. [1] Note that some muscles are not usually involved in these synergy patterns and include the lattisimus dorsi, teres major, serratus anterior, finger extensors, and ...

  3. Manipulation under anesthesia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulation_under_anesthesia

    It aims to break up adhesions (scar tissue) on and around spinal joints as the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and pelvic regions, or extremity joints as the knee, shoulder and hip, to which a restricted range of motion can be painful and limit function. Failed attempts at other standard conservative treatment methods (i.e., manipulation ...

  4. Arthrokinetic reflex - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrokinetic_reflex

    Thus, the arthrokinetic reflex refers to the involuntary response that happens when a joint is moved, namely that relevant muscles fire reflexively. [ citation needed ] In 1956, Leonard Cohen and Manfred Cohen discovered that moving a decerebrate cat's knee joint resulted in muscle activation of the quadriceps or semitendinosus, depending on ...

  5. Iliotibial band syndrome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliotibial_band_syndrome

    Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is the second most common knee injury, and is caused by inflammation located on the lateral aspect of the knee due to friction between the iliotibial band and the lateral epicondyle of the femur. [2] Pain is felt most commonly on the lateral aspect of the knee and is most intensive at 30 degrees of knee flexion. [2]

  6. Posterior cruciate ligament injury - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cruciate...

    Some exercises to strengthen the quadriceps and hamstring muscles include leg curls, leg lifts, prone knee flexion with resistance band and knee extensions. Some stretches to help prevent injury to the posterior cruciate ligament include stretching of the hamstring muscles by extending the legs, toes pointing up, leaning forward until the ...

  7. Continuous passive motion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_passive_motion

    Continuous passive motion (CPM) devices are used during the first phase of rehabilitation following a soft tissue surgical procedure or trauma. The goals of phase 1 rehabilitation are: control post-operative pain, reduce inflammation, provide passive motion in a specific plane of movement, and protect the healing repair or tissue.

  8. Posterolateral corner injuries - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterolateral_Corner_Injuries

    [10] [11] From 0° to 30° of knee flexion, the FCL is the main structure preventing varus opening of the knee joint. [6] [7] The popliteofibular ligament (PFL) connects the popliteus muscle at the musculotendinous junction to the posterior and medial portion of the fibular styloid. It has two divisions, anterior and posterior, and acts to ...

  9. Patellofemoral pain syndrome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patellofemoral_pain_syndrome

    Exercise therapy is the recommended first line treatment of PFPS. [3] Various exercises have been studied and recommended. [29] Exercises are described according to 3 parameters: [8] Type of muscle activity (concentric, eccentric or isometric) Type of joint movement (dynamic, isometric or static) Reaction forces (closed or open kinetic chain)

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