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Pairwise summation is the default summation algorithm in NumPy [9] and the Julia technical-computing language, [10] where in both cases it was found to have comparable speed to naive summation (thanks to the use of a large base case).
A k-clique-sum is a clique-sum in which both cliques have exactly (or sometimes, at most) k vertices. One may also form clique-sums and k-clique-sums of more than two graphs, by repeated application of the clique-sum operation. Different sources disagree on which edges should be removed as part of a clique-sum operation.
However, one could also say "two different linear combinations can have the same value" in which case the reference is to the expression. The subtle difference between these uses is the essence of the notion of linear dependence : a family F of vectors is linearly independent precisely if any linear combination of the vectors in F (as value) is ...
A contrast is defined as the sum of each group mean multiplied by a coefficient for each group (i.e., a signed number, c j). [10] In equation form, = ¯ + ¯ + + ¯ ¯, where L is the weighted sum of group means, the c j coefficients represent the assigned weights of the means (these must sum to 0 for orthogonal contrasts), and ¯ j represents the group means. [8]
The subset sum problem (SSP) is a decision problem in computer science. In its most general formulation, there is a multiset of integers and a target-sum , and the question is to decide whether any subset of the integers sum to precisely . [1] The problem is known to be NP-complete.
If an element lies in both, there will be two effectively distinct copies of the value in A + B, one from A and one from B. In type theory, a tagged union is called a sum type. Sum types are the dual of product types. Notations vary, but usually the sum type A + B comes with two introduction forms inj 1: A → A + B and inj 2: B → A + B.
In mathematics, like terms are summands in a sum that differ only by a numerical factor. [1] Like terms can be regrouped by adding their coefficients. Typically, in a polynomial expression, like terms are those that contain the same variables to the same powers, possibly with different coefficients.
The ordered pair (a, b) is different from the ordered pair (b, a), unless a = b. In contrast, the unordered pair, denoted {a, b}, equals the unordered pair {b, a}. Ordered pairs are also called 2-tuples, or sequences (sometimes, lists in a computer science context) of length 2. Ordered pairs of scalars are sometimes called 2-dimensional vectors.