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Increasing tensions between Manuel Noriega's dictatorship and the US government led to the United States invasion of Panama in 1989, which ended in Noriega's overthrow. [60] The United States invasion of Panama can be seen as a rare example of democratization by foreign-imposed regime change, which was effective long-term. [61]
Since the 19th century, the United States government has participated and interfered, both overtly and covertly, in the replacement of many foreign governments. In the latter half of the 19th century, the U.S. government initiated actions for regime change mainly in Latin America and the southwest Pacific, including the Spanish–American and Philippine–American wars.
The Invasion of Jamaica took place in May 1655, during the 1654 to 1660 Anglo-Spanish War, when an English expeditionary force captured Spanish Jamaica. It was part of an ambitious plan by Oliver Cromwell to acquire new colonies in the Americas, known as the Western Design .
A ship is guided through the Panama Canal's Miraflores locks near Panama City on April 24, 2023. (Luis Acosta/AFP/Getty Images)
[258] Boot used "imperialism" to describe United States policy, not only in the early 20th century but "since at least 1803." [258] [259] This embrace of empire is made by other neoconservatives, including British historian Paul Johnson, and writers Dinesh D'Souza and Mark Steyn.
Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 55–1–1. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010 —— (2014). The U.S. Military Intervention in Panama: Operation Just Cause, December 1989 – January 1990. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 55–3–1.
The Panama Canal Zone, which was established on shaky legal grounds, [44] bisected Panama and led to incidents such as Martyrs' Day and the United States invasion of Panama. Roosevelt was able to reverse a previous decision by the Walker Commission in favour of a Nicaragua Canal and pushed through the acquisition of the French Panama Canal effort.
The 19th century saw the United States transition from an isolationist, post-colonial regional power to a Trans-Atlantic and Trans-Pacific power. From 1790 to 1797, the U.S. Revenue Marine served as the United States' only armed maritime service, tasked with enforcing export duties, and was the predecessor to the United States Coast Guard.