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Tissue swabs are taken from the inner eyelids, sinus, and trachea. Many serology tests can be performed to diagnose M. gallisepticum: serum plate agglutination (SPA) test, hemagglutination inhibition test (HI), or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The SPA test is more commonly used because it is the simplest and least expensive. [4]
The hemagglutination assay or haemagglutination assay (HA) and the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI or HAI) were developed in 1941–42 by American virologist George Hirst as methods for quantifying the relative concentration of viruses, bacteria, or antibodies.
People may develop cold agglutinins from lymphoproliferative disorders, from infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Epstein–Barr virus, or idiopathically (without any apparent cause). Red cell agglutination can also occur in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria [2]: 13 [3] and warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
The assay produces a result of hemagglutination units (HAU), with typical PFU to HAU ratios in the 10 6 range. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] This assay takes ~1–2 hours to complete. The hemagglutination inhibition assay is a common variation of the HA assay used to measure flu-specific antibody levels in blood serum.
Therefore, the presence of IgM in the blood of the host is used to test for acute infection, whereas IgG indicates an infection sometime in the past. [8] Both types of antibodies are measured when tests for immunity are carried out. [9] Antibody testing has become widely available.
On the contrary, if hemagglutination occurs, the test will result negative. A schematic diagram of the experimental setup to detect hemagglutination for blood typing. Hemagglutination blood typing detection : [ 24 ] This method consists of measuring the blood’s reflectance spectrum alone (non-agglutination), and that of blood mixed with ...
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Hemagglutination, or haemagglutination, is a specific form of agglutination that involves red blood cells (RBCs). It has two common uses in the laboratory: blood typing and the quantification of virus dilutions in a haemagglutination assay .
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