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HIV-1 is composed of two copies of noncovalently linked, unspliced, positive-sense single-stranded RNA enclosed by a conical capsid composed of the viral protein p24, typical of lentiviruses. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The two RNAs are often identical, yet they are not independent, but form a compact dimer within the virion. [ 11 ]
Phage display was used to identify peptides that bind the HIV-1 capsid protein, and the most promising peptide inhibitor was the Capsid Assembly Inhibitor (CAI) peptide. [17] CAI prevented the formation of mature capsids, but its poor permeability in cells limited its use. [17]
The HIV capsid consists of roughly 2000 copies of the p24 protein. The p24 structure is shown in two representations: cartoon (top) and isosurface (bottom) The p24 capsid protein is the most abundant HIV protein with each virus containing approximately 1,500 to 3,000 p24 molecules. [1]
Dual-tropic HIV-1 strains are thought to be transitional strains of HIV-1 and thus are able to use both CCR5 and CXCR4 as co-receptors for viral entry. The α-chemokine SDF-1, a ligand for CXCR4, suppresses replication of T-tropic HIV-1 isolates. It does this by down-regulating the expression of CXCR4 on the surface of HIV target cells. M ...
The p24 capsid protein (CA) is a 24 kDa protein fused to the C-terminus of MA in the unprocessed HIV Gag polyprotein. After viral maturation, CA forms the viral capsid. CA has two generally recognized domains, the C-terminal domain (CTD) and the N-terminal domain (NTD). The CA CTD and NTD have distinct roles during HIV budding and capsid structure.
P24 capsid protein CA, encoded by the viral gene gag. 24000 Da. P17 matrix protein MA, also encoded by gag. 17000 Da. P7/P9 capsid protein NC, also encoded by gag. 7000–11000 Da. The envelope proteins SU and TM are glycosylated in at least some lentiviruses (HIV, SIV), if not all of them. Glycosylation seems to play a structural role in the ...
Lenacapavir works by binding directly to the interface between HIV-1 viral capsid protein subunits in capsid hexamers, interfering with essential steps of viral replication, including capsid-mediated nuclear uptake of HIV-1 proviral DNA [clarification needed], virus assembly and release, production of capsid protein subunits, and capsid core formation.
A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material. It consists of several oligomeric (repeating) structural subunits made of protein called protomers . The observable 3-dimensional morphological subunits, which may or may not correspond to individual proteins, are called capsomeres .