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The Tsardom of Russia, [a] also known as the Tsardom of Moscow, [b] was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721. From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew by an average of 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) per year. [11]
Britain feared that Russia planned to invade India and that this was the goal of Russia's expansion in Central Asia, while Russia continued its conquest of Central Asia. [37] Indeed, multiple 19th-century Russian invasion plans of India are attested, including the Duhamel and Khrulev plans of the Crimean War (1853–1856), among later plans ...
In the 16th century, the Tsardom of Russia embarked on a campaign to expand the Russian frontier to the east. This effort continued until the 19th century under the Russian Empire , when the Imperial Russian Army succeeded in conquering all of Central Asia .
A Concise History of Russia (2011) excerpt and text search; Catchpole, Brian. A Map History of Russia (Heinemann Educational Publishers, 1974), new topical maps. Cracraft, James. ed. Major Problems in the History of Imperial Russia (1993), historiography. Figes, Orlando. Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia (2003). Freeze, George (2002).
The formal end to Tatar rule over Russia was the defeat of the Tatars at the Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480. Ivan III (r. 1462–1505) and Vasili III (r. 1505–1533) had consolidated the centralized Russian state following the annexations of the Novgorod Republic in 1478, Tver in 1485, the Pskov Republic in 1510, Volokolamsk in 1513, Ryazan in 1521, and Novgorod-Seversk in 1522.
Tsardom of Russia: 1547–1721: Russian Empire: 1721–1917 Russian America: 1799–1867 Grand Duchy of Finland: 1809–1917 Congress Poland: 1867–1915 Russian Manchuria: 1900–1905 Uryankhay Krai: 1914–1921
Growth of Russia between 1547 and 1725. The steppe and forest-steppe of Ukraine and southern Russia, traditionally held by pastoral nomads, provided agricultural opportunities. States that were able to settle the land with tax-paying peasants could significantly increase their power. From 1500 to 1800, this region came under Russian control.
The form of political organization that emerged has been described as "dual power", with the Russian Provisional Government co-existing with the soviets. [130] The constitutional framework of Russia remained in limbo until Alexander Kerensky finally confirmed Russia's status as a republic on 1 September. [130]