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If x is a nonnegative real number, and n is a positive integer, / or denotes the unique nonnegative real n th root of x, that is, the unique nonnegative real number y such that =. If x is a positive real number, and p q {\displaystyle {\frac {p}{q}}} is a rational number , with p and q > 0 integers, then x p / q {\textstyle x^{p/q}} is defined as
An n th root of a number x, where n is a positive integer, is any of the n real or complex numbers r whose nth power is x: r n = x . {\displaystyle r^{n}=x.} Every positive real number x has a single positive n th root, called the principal n th root , which is written x n {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{n}]{x}}} .
Let the circle on AF as diameter cut OB in K, and let the circle whose centre is E and radius EK cut OA in N 3 and N 5; then if ordinates N 3 P 3, N 5 P 5 are drawn to the circle, the arcs AP 3, AP 5 will be 3/17 and 5/17 of the circumference." The point N 3 is very close to the center point of Thales' theorem over AF.
The minimal polynomials of trigonometric numbers can be explicitly enumerated. [3] In contrast, by the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem, the sine or cosine of any non-zero algebraic number is always transcendental. [4] The real part of any root of unity is a trigonometric number. By Niven's theorem, the only rational trigonometric numbers are 0 ...
In other words, the n th digit of this number is 1 only if n is one of the numbers 1! = 1, 2! = 2, 3! = 6, 4! = 24, etc. Liouville showed that this number belongs to a class of transcendental numbers that can be more closely approximated by rational numbers than can any irrational algebraic number, and this class of numbers is called the ...
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If for a smallest positive integer n, ω*(x, n) is infinite, x is called a U*-number of degree n. If the ω*( x , n ) are bounded and do not converge to 0, x is called an S*-number , A number x is called an A*-number if the ω*( x , n ) converge to 0.
Namely, Lehmer showed that for relatively prime integers k and n with n > 2, the number 2 cos(2πk/n) is an algebraic number of degree φ(n)/2, where φ denotes Euler's totient function. Because rational numbers have degree 1, we must have n ≤ 2 or φ ( n ) = 2 and therefore the only possibilities are n = 1,2,3,4,6 .