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Chemically reacting flow can also cause corrosion of the vehicle's skin, with free-atomic oxygen featuring in very high-speed flows. Hypersonic designs are often forced into blunt configurations because of the aerodynamic heating rising with a reduced radius of curvature. — 53T6 (Mach 17) HTV 2 (Mach 20) Agni-V (Mach 24) DF-41 (Mach 25 ...
Hypersonic flow is a high energy flow. [13] The ratio of kinetic energy to the internal energy of the gas increases as the square of the Mach number. When this flow enters a boundary layer, there are high viscous effects due to the friction between air and the high-speed object.
The HEAT-H2 Test Unit is an arc-heated aerothermal tunnel providing high-enthalpy flow at high Mach numbers and dynamic pressures simulating hypersonic flight at pressure altitudes up to 120 atm. H2 utilitzes an N-4 Huels-type arc heater to generate high-temperature, high-pressure air for expansion through a hypersonic nozzle into the evacuated test cell.
Continuum Flow: It assumes the flow can be treated as a continuum, which is valid at higher altitudes with sufficient air density. Thermal and Chemical Equilibrium : The gas is assumed to be in thermal and chemical equilibrium , meaning the energy modes (translational, rotational, vibrational) and chemical reactions reach a steady state.
In aeronautics, expansion and shock tunnels are aerodynamic testing facilities with a specific interest in high speeds and high temperature testing. Shock tunnels use steady flow nozzle expansion whereas expansion tunnels use unsteady expansion with higher enthalpy, or thermal energy. In both cases the gases are compressed and heated until the ...
Quarterhorse, the Air Force's next hypersonic aircraft, has taken an epic leap. The SR-71 Blackbird successor is a step closer to breaking the airspeed record.
In the 1970s, the term generally came to refer to speeds of Mach 5 (5 times the speed of sound) and above. The hypersonic regime is a subset of the supersonic regime. Hypersonic flow is characterized by high temperature flow behind a shock wave, viscous interaction, and chemical dissociation of gas.
NASA Langley's Hypersonic Facilities Complex, 1969. A hypersonic wind tunnel is designed to generate a hypersonic flow field in the working section, thus simulating the typical flow features of this flow regime - including compression shocks and pronounced boundary layer effects, entropy layer and viscous interaction zones and most importantly high total temperatures of the flow.