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German words which come from Latin words with c before e, i, y, ae, oe are usually pronounced with (/ts/) and spelled with z. The letter q in German only ever appears in the sequence qu (/kv/), with the exception of loanwords, e.g., Coq au vin or Qigong (which is also written Chigong). The letter x (Ix, /ɪks/) occurs
The charts below show the way International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Standard German language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
w : The letter w represents the sound /v/. In the 17th century, the former sound became , but the spelling remained the same. An analogous sound change had happened in late-antique Latin. z : The letter z represents the sound /t͡s/. The sound, a product of the High German consonant shift, has been written with z since Old High German in the ...
Northern German varieties influenced by Low German could be analyzed as lacking contrasting vowel quantity entirely: /aː/ has a different quality than /a/ (see above). These varieties also consistently lack /ɛː/, and use only /eː/ in its place. [citation needed] [What about the pronunciation of the letter Ä itself and the subjunctive forms?]
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Swabian, Low Alemannic, High Alemannic and Highest Alemannic German pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters .
In most varieties of German (with the notable exception of Swiss Standard German), /r/ in the syllable coda is frequently realized as a vowel or a semivowel, [ɐ] or [ɐ̯]. In the traditional standard pronunciation, this happens only in the unstressed ending -er and after long vowels: for example besser [ˈbɛsɐ], sehr [zeːɐ̯].
In an ideal phonemic orthography, there would be a complete one-to-one correspondence between the graphemes (letters) and the phonemes of the language, and each phoneme would invariably be represented by its corresponding grapheme. So the spelling of a word would unambiguously and transparently indicate its pronunciation, and conversely, a ...
There are no letters that have context-dependent sound values, the way c and g in several European languages have a "hard" or "soft" pronunciation. The IPA does not usually have separate letters for two sounds if no known language makes a distinction between them, a property known as "selectiveness".
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