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In mathematics, random graph is the general term to refer to probability distributions over graphs. Random graphs may be described simply by a probability distribution, or by a random process which generates them. [1] [2] The theory of random graphs lies at the intersection between graph theory and probability theory.
There are two closely related variants of the Erdős–Rényi random graph model. A graph generated by the binomial model of Erdős and Rényi (p = 0.01) In the (,) model, a graph is chosen uniformly at random from the collection of all graphs which have nodes and edges. The nodes are considered to be labeled, meaning that graphs obtained from ...
It is known that a wide variety of abstract graphs exhibit the small-world property, e.g., random graphs and scale-free networks. Further, real world networks such as the World Wide Web and the metabolic network also exhibit this property. In the scientific literature on networks, there is some ambiguity associated with the term "small world".
In network science, the Configuration Model is a family of random graph models designed to generate networks from a given degree sequence. Unlike simpler models such as the Erdős–Rényi model , Configuration Models preserve the degree of each vertex as a pre-defined property.
Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs) are a family of statistical models for analyzing data from social and other networks. [1] [2] Examples of networks examined using ERGM include knowledge networks, [3] organizational networks, [4] colleague networks, [5] social media networks, networks of scientific development, [6] and others.
A certain category of small-world networks were identified as a class of random graphs by Duncan Watts and Steven Strogatz in 1998. [4] They noted that graphs could be classified according to two independent structural features, namely the clustering coefficient, and average node-to-node distance (also known as average shortest path length).
The formal study of random graphs dates back to the work of Paul Erdős and Alfréd Rényi. [2] The graphs they considered, now known as the classical or Erdős–Rényi (ER) graphs, offer a simple and powerful model with many applications. However the ER graphs do not have two important properties observed in many real-world networks:
This is a very small set of broad examples of how researchers can use network analysis to study animal behavior. Research in this area is currently expanding very rapidly, especially since the broader development of animal-borne tags and computer vision can be used to automate the collection of social associations. [47]