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Apoptosis regulator BAX, also known as bcl-2-like protein 4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAX gene. [5] BAX is a member of the Bcl-2 gene family.BCL2 family members form hetero- or homodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities.
mazEF, a toxin-antitoxin locus found in E. coli and other bacteria, was proposed to induce programmed cell death in response to starvation, specifically a lack of amino acids. [19] This would release the cell's contents for absorption by neighbouring cells, potentially preventing the death of close relatives, and thereby increasing the ...
Regarding the activation of caspases, there exists a gene called ced-9 in C. elegans that protects against cell death that is a part of the Bcl-2 family. ced-9 encodes a protein that is structurally similar to Bcl-2 that binds to another protein ced-4, a homolog of APAF-1 in humans, and prevents it from activating caspase ced-3, which is necessary for killing of the cell. [4]
An antiknock agent is a gasoline additive used to reduce engine knocking and increase the fuel's octane rating by raising the temperature and pressure at which auto-ignition occurs.
The anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins inhibit cytochrome c release through the mitochondrial pore and also inhibit activation of the cytoplasmic caspase cascade by cytochrome c. [8] Dephosphorylated BAD forms a heterodimer with Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL , inactivating them and thus allowing Bax / Bak -triggered apoptosis.
Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis. Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions. This may be the result of the natural process of old cells dying and being replaced by new ones, as in programmed cell death, or may result from factors such as diseases, localized injury, or the death of the organism of which the cells are part.
Synthetic lethality is defined as a type of genetic interaction where the combination of two genetic events results in cell death or death of an organism. [1] Although the foregoing explanation is wider than this, it is common when referring to synthetic lethality to mean the situation arising by virtue of a combination of deficiencies of two or more genes leading to cell death (whether by ...
A BAX-1 knock-out mouse exhibits normal forebrain formation and a decreased programmed cell death in some neuronal populations and in the spinal cord, leading to an increase in motor neurons. [ 75 ] The caspase proteins are integral parts of the apoptosis pathway, so it follows that knock-outs made have varying damaging results.