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[40] [9] Due to the prevalence of infection by H. pylori in middle-aged adults (74% in developing countries and 58% in developed countries in 2002 [41]), and 1% to 3% likelihood of infected individuals developing gastric cancer, [42] H. pylori-induced gastric cancer is the third highest cause of worldwide cancer mortality as of 2018.
Upon fusing with the cancer cell, the macrophages (smaller white cells) inject toxins that kill the tumor cell. Immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer is an active area of medical research. [141] The main response of the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells using killer T cells, sometimes with the assistance of helper T ...
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to concepts related to infectious diseases in humans.. Infection – transmission, entry/invasion after evading/overcoming defense, establishment, and replication of disease-causing microscopic organisms (pathogens) inside a host organism, and the reaction of host tissues to them and to the toxins they produce.
Systemic symptoms may occur due to the body's response to the cancer. This may include fatigue, unintentional weight loss, or skin changes. [34] Some cancers can cause a systemic inflammatory state that leads to ongoing muscle loss and weakness, known as cachexia. [35]
Dendritic cells are named after their structure that resembles that of a dendrite of an axon, and they have two vital functions: display antigens, which are recognized by T cells and alert lymphocytes of the presence of an injury or infection. When the body is introduced to infection or injury, dendritic cells migrate to immune or lymphoid ...
The process by which the pathogen is introduced into the body is known as inoculation, [note 1] [6] and the organism it affects is known as a biological host. When the pathogen establishes itself in a step known as colonization , [ 7 ] it can result in an infection , [ 7 ] consequently harming the host directly or through the harmful substances ...
Bacteria involved in causing and treating cancers. Cancer bacteria are bacteria infectious organisms that are known or suspected to cause cancer. [1] While cancer-associated bacteria have long been considered to be opportunistic (i.e., infecting healthy tissues after cancer has already established itself), there is some evidence that bacteria may be directly carcinogenic.
An immune response is a physiological reaction which occurs within an organism in the context of inflammation for the purpose of defending against exogenous factors. These include a wide variety of different toxins, viruses, intra- and extracellular bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and fungi which could cause serious problems to the health of the host organism if not cleared from the body.