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2. Frost damage (construction) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_damage_(construction)

   Frost damage can occur as cracks, stone splinters and swelling of the material. When water freezes, the volume of water increases by 9 %. [ citation needed ] When the volumetric moisture content exceeds 91 %, then the volume increase of water in the pores of the material caused by freezing cannot be absorbed by sufficient empty pores.

3. Controlled permeability formwork - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Permeability...

   The use of Zemdrain CPF on the resistance to chloride penetration of concretes exposed to salt spray condition in hot climates; Technical Report No. 1303/92/6335, Taywood Engineering Ltd, R&D Division, September, 1992,(unpublished). Price, W.F. The effect of Zemdrain Controlled Permeability Formwork on the frost resistance of concrete.

4. Silicon organic water repellent - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_organic_water...

   However, as oligo methyl hydride siloxane is the water emulsion, it can be applied as an additive in the production of solutions and mixtures that is by the volumetric method. for concrete, asbestos, gypsum, ceramic, porcelain; in the production of waterproof papers and leather; in the production of water-resistant fabrics;

5. Sulfate attack in concrete and mortar - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate_attack_in_concrete...

   A fairly well-defined reaction front can often be observed in thin sections; ahead of the front the concrete is normal, or near normal. Behind the reaction front, the composition and the microstructure of concrete are modified. These changes may vary in type or severity but commonly include: Extensive cracking; Expansion

6. Permeable paving - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeable_paving

   Pervious concrete and asphalt designed to reduce frost heave and spalling damage has been used successfully in Norway and New Hampshire. [19] Furthermore, experience suggests that preventive measures with rapid drainage below porous surfaces be taken in order to increase the rate of snow melt above ground.

7. Damp proofing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damp_proofing

   Integral damp proofing in concrete involves adding materials to the concrete mix to make the concrete itself impermeable. [ 4 ] Surface suppressant coating with thin water proof materials such as epoxy resin for resistance to non-pressurized moisture such as rain water or a coating of cement sprayed on such as shotcrete which can resist water ...