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Ohmic heating is limited by viscosity, electrical conductivity, and fouling deposits. [9] [10] [11] The density of particles within the suspension liquid can limit the degree of processing. A higher viscosity fluid will provide more resistance to heating, allowing the mixture to heat up quicker than low viscosity products. [11]
30 kW resistance heating coils This radiant heater uses tungsten halogen lamps. Electric heating is a process in which electrical energy is converted directly to heat energy. Common applications include space heating, cooking, water heating and industrial processes.
An electric resistance heater has a thermal efficiency close to 100%. [8] When comparing heating units, such as a highly efficient electric resistance heater to an 80% efficient natural gas-fuelled furnace, an economic analysis is needed to determine the most cost-effective choice.
Electrical resistance heating (ERH) is an intensive in situ environmental remediation method that uses the flow of alternating current electricity to heat soil and groundwater and evaporate contaminants. [1] Electric current is passed through a targeted soil volume between subsurface electrode elements.
A heating element is a device used for conversion of electric energy into heat, consisting of a heating resistor and accessories. [1] Heat is generated by the passage of electric current through a resistor through a process known as Joule heating. Heating elements are used in household appliances, industrial equipment, and scientific ...
HSPF is defined as the ratio of heat output (measured in BTUs) over the heating season to electricity used (measured in watt-hours). [1] [2] It therefore has units of BTU/watt-hr. The higher the HSPF rating of a unit, the more energy efficient it is. An electrical resistance heater, which is not considered efficient, has an HSPF of 3.41. [3]
The relationship between thermal conductance and resistance is analogous to that between electrical conductance and resistance in the domain of electronics. Thermal insulance (R-value) is a measure of a material's resistance to the heat current. It quantifies how effectively a material can resist the transfer of heat through conduction ...
Electrical heating systems occur less commonly and are practical only with low-cost electricity or when ground source heat pumps are used. Considering the combined system of thermal power station and electric resistance heating, the overall efficiency will be less than for direct use of fossil fuel for space heating. [1]
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