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This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. ( July 2015 ) Drugs or medicines may be withdrawn from commercial markets because of risks to patients, but also because of commercial reasons (e.g. lack of demand and relatively high production costs).
Hydroxyzine, sold under the brand names Atarax and Vistaril among others, is an antihistamine medication. [8] It is used in the treatment of itchiness, anxiety, insomnia, and nausea (including that due to motion sickness). [8] It is used either by mouth or injection into a muscle. [8] Hydroxyzine works by blocking the effects of histamine. [9]
Drug withdrawal, drug withdrawal syndrome, or substance withdrawal syndrome [1] is the group of symptoms that occur upon the abrupt discontinuation or decrease in the intake of pharmaceutical or recreational drugs. In order for the symptoms of withdrawal to occur, one must have first developed a form of drug dependence.
It was a combination of theophylline, ephedra, [1] and hydroxyzine, and taken by mouth. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is no longer manufactured in the US due to approval of ephedra being withdrawn by the FDA . [ citation needed ]
These compounds are structurally related to the ethylenediamines and the ethanolamines, and produce significant anticholinergic adverse effects with the exception of hydroxyzine, which has low to no affinity for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and therefore produces negligible anticholinergic side-effects. [16]
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Individuals who have had more withdrawal episodes are at an increased risk of very severe withdrawal symptoms, up to and including seizures and death. Long-term activation of the GABA receptor by sedative–hypnotic drugs causes chronic GABA receptor downregulation as well as glutamate overactivity, which can lead to drug and neurotransmitter ...
An H 3 receptor antagonist is a type of antihistaminic drug used to block the action of histamine at H 3 receptors.. Unlike the H 1 and H 2 receptors which have primarily peripheral actions, but cause sedation if they are blocked in the brain, H 3 receptors are primarily found in the brain and are inhibitory autoreceptors located on histaminergic nerve terminals, which modulate the release of ...