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Because permaculture's implementation is so localized and place specific, scientific literature for the field is lacking or not always applicable. [27] Design principles derive from the science of systems ecology and the study of pre-industrial examples of sustainable land use. [28] [29] A core theme of permaculture is the idea of "people care".
A guild does not typically have strict, or even clearly defined boundaries, nor does it need to be taxonomically cohesive. A broadly defined guild will almost always have constituent guilds; for example, grazing guilds will have some species that concentrate on coarse, plentiful forage, while others concentrate on low-growing, finer plants.
The Wadi Rum Consultancy of Wadi Rum Organic Farms, [1] is an example of desert greening. [2] [3] Begun in 2010, it is located in historic Wadi Rum, in southern Jordan. Overseen by permaculture expert Geoff Lawton, it has established a sustainable agriculture system.
His expanded farm now spans over 45 hectares of forest gardens, including 70 ponds, and is said to be the most consistent example of permaculture worldwide. In the past he has experimented with many different animals. As a result of these experiments, there is a huge role for animals in Holzer Permaculture.
The Permaculture Association was established as a charity on 8 February 1983 [3] and is registered in England [4] and Scotland. [5] In Autumn 1982, a four-day introduction to permaculture course was run in Blencarn, by Max Lindegger of Permaculture Nambour (Australia).
Ecovillage residents seek a sustainable lifestyle (for example, of voluntary simplicity) for inhabitants with a minimum of trade outside the local area, or ecoregion. Many seek independence from existing infrastructures, although others, particularly in more urban settings, pursue more integration with existing infrastructure.
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The ideas of matrix planting are similar to aspects of permaculture, with its focus on using "guilds" of plants as part of "layered" or "stacked" garden designs, coming together to form a perennial polyculture that is largely self-sustaining. Permaculture also draws on the idea that in nature, ecosystems by and large have no trouble sustaining ...