Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula "RX" where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I). Haloalkanes have been known for centuries. Chloroethane was produced in the 15th century. The systematic synthesis of such compounds developed in the 19th century in step with the ...
An acyl halide (also known as an acid halide) is a chemical compound derived from an oxoacid [1] by replacing a hydroxyl group (−OH) with a halide group (−X, where X is a halogen). [ 2 ] In organic chemistry , the term typically refers to acyl halides of carboxylic acids ( −C(=O)OH ), which contain a −C(=O)X functional group consisting ...
Here, a strong Lewis acid is required to generate either a carbocation from an alkyl halide in the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction or an acylium ion from an acyl halide. In the vast majority of cases, reactions that involve leaving group activation generate a cation in a separate step, before either nucleophilic attack or elimination.
This reaction was developed by Alexander Williamson in 1850. [2] Typically it involves the reaction of an alkoxide ion with a primary alkyl halide via an S N 2 reaction. This reaction is important in the history of organic chemistry because it helped prove the structure of ethers. The general reaction mechanism is as follows: [3]
Traditionally, the alkylating agents are alkyl halides. Many alkylating agents can be used instead of alkyl halides. For example, enones and epoxides can be used in presence of protons. The reaction typically employs a strong Lewis acid, such as aluminium chloride as catalyst, to increase the electrophilicity of the alkylating agent. [6]
Alkylation is a chemical reaction that entails transfer of an alkyl group. The alkyl group may be transferred as an alkyl carbocation, a free radical, a carbanion, or a carbene (or their equivalents). [1] Alkylating agents are reagents for effecting alkylation. Alkyl groups can also be removed in a process known as dealkylation.
In this method, the sodium or potassium salt of phthalimide is N-alkylated with a primary alkyl halide to give the corresponding N-alkylphthalimide. [8] [9] [10] Upon workup by acidic hydrolysis the primary amine is liberated as the amine salt. [11] Alternatively the workup may be via the Ing–Manske procedure, involving reaction with hydrazine.
However, using an additive such as silver tetrafluoroborate allows the reaction to work on a wider range of substrates, as often seen for alkyl-halide substitutions, or they can be converted first to the corresponding alkyl tosylate. [4] [5] The reaction was initially limited to activated substrates, such as benzylic and α-halo ketones. To ...