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Structured programming is a programming paradigm aimed at improving the clarity, quality, and development time of a computer program by making specific disciplined use of the structured control flow constructs of selection (if/then/else) and repetition (while and for), block structures, and subroutines.
Nassi–Shneiderman diagrams are only rarely used for formal programming. Their abstraction level is close to structured program code and modifications require the whole diagram to be redrawn, but graphic editors removed that limitation. They clarify algorithms and high-level designs, which make them useful in teaching.
In structured programming languages, nesting is related to the enclosing of control structures one into another, usually indicated through different indentation levels within the source code, as it is shown in this simple BASIC function:
Callable units are present at multiple levels of abstraction in the programming environment. For example, a programmer may write a function in source code that is compiled to machine code that implements similar semantics. There is a callable unit in the source code and an associated one in the machine code, but they are different kinds of ...
The textbook An Introduction to Programming: A Structured Approach Using PL/I and PL/C was written by Conway and Gries using PL/C as the programming language and was published in 1973. [14] It presented top-down design, [23] and stressed the discipline of structured programming throughout, becoming one of the most prominent textbooks to do so. [41]
Jackson asserted that this program structure was almost always wrong, and encouraged programmers to look for more complex data structures. In Chapter 3 of Principles of Program Design [1] Jackson presents two versions of a program, one designed using JSP, the other using the traditional single-loop structure. Here is his example, translated ...
Reflective programming – metaprogramming methods in which a program modifies or extends itself; Pipeline programming – a simple syntax change to add syntax to nest function calls to language originally designed with none; Rule-based programming – a network of rules of thumb that comprise a knowledge base and can be used for expert systems ...
The program can then jump to the called subroutine. Producing such code instead of a standard call sequence is called tail-call elimination or tail-call optimization. Tail-call elimination allows procedure calls in tail position to be implemented as efficiently as goto statements, thus allowing efficient structured programming.