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It concerns both human and animal vaccines. Although the emergence of a number of vaccine resistant pathogens has been well documented, this phenomenon is nevertheless much more rare and less of a concern than antimicrobial resistance. Vaccine resistance may be considered a special case of immune evasion, from the immunity conferred by the vaccine.
Both Pfizer and Moderna’s Omicron boosters are "bivalent" vaccines, meaning they protect against Omicron BA.5 and BA.4 subvariants and the original SARS-CoV-2 virus. "The goal of a COVID vaccine ...
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There are no human data yet on the new Omicron booster, but past research hints at an answer.
In June 2022, Pfizer and Moderna developed bivalent vaccines to protect against the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type and the Omicron variant. The bivalent vaccines are well-tolerated and offer immunity to Omicron superior to previous mRNA vaccines. [268] In September 2022, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorized the bivalent vaccines.
The Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine must be kept at extremely low temperatures to ensure effectiveness, roughly between −80 and −60 °C (−112 and −76 °F). The vaccine can be stored at 2 to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F) for thirty days before use [161] [162] and at 25 °C (77 °F) [27] [31] or 30 °C (86 °F) [163] [8] for up to two hours before use ...
Two shots of COVID-19 vaccine without an additional booster offer essentially no lasting protection against infection with Omicron, and a coronavirus infection is as effective as a recent booster ...
Studies continue to show that while current vaccines are not as effective against Omicron that boosters are beneficial nevertheless. [105] Algeria reports its first case, a foreign national who entered Algeria on 10 December and tested positive at the Algiers International Airport. [106] Israel has confirmed a total of 67 Omicron cases. [107]