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Diffraction at a blazed grating. The general case is shown with red rays; the Littrow configuration is shown with blue rays. The Littrow configuration is a special geometry in which the blaze angle is chosen such that diffraction angle and incidence angle are identical. [1]
A blazed diffraction grating reflecting only the green portion of the spectrum from a room's fluorescent lighting. For a diffraction grating, the relationship between the grating spacing (i.e., the distance between adjacent grating grooves or slits), the angle of the wave (light) incidence to the grating, and the diffracted wave from the grating is known as the grating equation.
2.4 Diffraction and interference. ... The grating equation a = width of aperture, slit width; α = incident angle to the normal of the grating plane
The sine and tangent small-angle approximations are used in relation to the double-slit experiment or a diffraction grating to develop simplified equations like the following, where y is the distance of a fringe from the center of maximum light intensity, m is the order of the fringe, D is the distance between the slits and projection screen ...
The form of the light diffracted by a grating depends on the structure of the elements and the number of elements present, but all gratings have intensity maxima at angles θ m which are given by the grating equation ( ) =, where is the angle at which the light is incident, is the separation of grating elements, and is an integer which ...
which is the generalized diffraction grating equation. Here, θ m is the angle of incidence, φ m is the angle of diffraction, λ is the wavelength, and m = 0, 1, 2... is the order of diffraction. Under certain conditions, d m ≪ λ, which can be readily obtained experimentally, the phase term becomes [7] [10]
An echelle grating (from French échelle, meaning "ladder") is a type of diffraction grating characterised by a relatively low groove density, but a groove shape which is optimized for use at high incidence angles and therefore in high diffraction orders. Higher diffraction orders allow for increased dispersion (spacing) of spectral features at ...
The 90-degree complement to the angle of incidence is called the grazing angle or glancing angle. Incidence at small grazing angles is called "grazing incidence." Grazing incidence diffraction is used in X-ray spectroscopy and atom optics, where significant reflection can be achieved only at small values of the grazing angle.