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In mathematical analysis, the maximum and minimum [a] of a function are, respectively, the greatest and least value taken by the function. Known generically as extremum , [ b ] they may be defined either within a given range (the local or relative extrema) or on the entire domain (the global or absolute extrema) of a function.
Example of a binary max-heap with node keys being integers between 1 and 100. In computer science, a heap is a tree-based data structure that satisfies the heap property: In a max heap, for any given node C, if P is the parent node of C, then the key (the value) of P is greater than or equal to the key of C.
Heap property: the key stored in each node is either greater than or equal to (≥) or less than or equal to (≤) the keys in the node's children, according to some total order. Heaps where the parent key is greater than or equal to (≥) the child keys are called max-heaps; those where it is less than or equal to (≤) are called min-heaps.
In mathematics, a smooth maximum of an indexed family x 1, ..., x n of numbers is a smooth approximation to the maximum function (, …,), meaning a parametric family of functions (, …,) such that for every α, the function is smooth, and the family converges to the maximum function as .
The softmax function, also known as softargmax [1]: 184 or normalized exponential function, [2]: 198 converts a vector of K real numbers into a probability distribution of K possible outcomes. It is a generalization of the logistic function to multiple dimensions, and is used in multinomial logistic regression .
If is on a max (or odd) level, then . is the maximum key among all keys in the subtree with root . A node on a min (max) level is called a min (max) node. A max-min heap is defined analogously; in such a heap, the maximum value is stored at the root, and the smallest value is stored at one of the root's children.
The LogSumExp (LSE) (also called RealSoftMax [1] or multivariable softplus) function is a smooth maximum – a smooth approximation to the maximum function, mainly used by machine learning algorithms. [2] It is defined as the logarithm of the sum of the exponentials of the arguments:
A hash table uses a hash function to compute an index, also called a hash code, into an array of buckets or slots, from which the desired value can be found. During lookup, the key is hashed and the resulting hash indicates where the corresponding value is stored. A map implemented by a hash table is called a hash map.