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A National Institute on Drug Abuse video entitled Anyone Can Become Addicted to Drugs. [21]Nicotine dependence is defined as a neurobiological adaptation to repeated drug exposure that is manifested by highly controlled or compulsive use, the development of tolerance, experiencing withdrawal symptoms upon cessation including cravings, and an inability to quit despite harmful effects. [9]
"Raleigh's First Pipe in England", included in Frederick William Fairholt's Tobacco, its history and associations. John Hawkins was the first to bring tobacco seeds to England. William Harrison 's English Chronology mentions tobacco smoking in the country as of 1573, [ 8 ] before Sir Walter Raleigh brought the first "Virginia" tobacco to Europe ...
Price, Jacob M. France and the Chesapeake: A History of the French Tobacco Monopoly, 1674–1791, and of its Relationship to the British and American Tobacco Trades (University of Michigan Press, 1973. 2 vols) online book review; Rainbolt, John C. “The Case of the Poor Planters in Virginia for Inspecting and Burning Tobacco.”
Tobacco smoking is the practice of burning tobacco and ingesting the resulting smoke. The smoke may be inhaled, as is done with cigarettes, or simply released from the mouth, as is generally done with pipes and cigars. The practice is believed to have begun as early as 5000–3000 BC in Mesoamerica and South America. [1]
Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. ISBN 978-0-8021-9848-8. Goodman J (2005). Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-81840-2. Graves J (1980). From a Limestone Ledge: Some Essays and Other Ruminations about Country Life in Texas. Knopf.
Tobacco in history: The cultures of dependence (Routledge, 2005), world history; online. Goodman, Jordan. Tobacco in history and culture: an encyclopedia (Facts on File, 2005). Harrald, Chris, and Fletcher Watkins. The cigarette book: the history and culture of smoking (Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2010).
There is a reference to tobacco in a Persian poem dating from before 1536, but because of the lack of any corroborating sources, the authenticity of the source has been questioned. The next reliable eyewitness account of tobacco smoking is by a Spanish envoy in 1617, but by this time the practice was already deeply engrained in Persian society.
Nicotine is a secondary metabolite produced in a variety of plants in the family Solanaceae, most notably in tobacco Nicotiana tabacum, where it can be found at high concentrations of 0.5 to 7.5%. [180] Nicotine is also found in the leaves of other tobacco species, such as Nicotiana rustica (in amounts of 2–14%).