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A cinder cone (or scoria cone [1]) is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as volcanic clinkers, volcanic ash, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The pyroclastic fragments are formed by explosive eruptions or lava fountains from a single, typically cylindrical, vent.
An example cross section of an anticline with a dike cutting through, with the map of its surface expression showing strike and dip information. Cross sections are made by interpreting and extrapolating a broad range of information about a region's geological characteristics. This can include data from the surface, subsurface, and existing ...
A forearc is a region in a subduction zone between an oceanic trench and the associated volcanic arc. Forearc regions are present along convergent margins and eponymously form 'in front of' the volcanic arcs that are characteristic of convergent plate margins. A back-arc region is the companion region behind the volcanic arc.
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Diagram showing a cross section though the Earth's lithosphere (in yellow) with magma rising from the mantle (in red). The crust may move relative to the plume, creating a track. The plume hypothesis has been tested by looking for the geophysical anomalies predicted to be associated with them.
[3]: 33 The volcanic arc forms on the overriding plate over the point where the subducting plate reaches a depth of roughly 120 kilometres (75 mi) [4] and is a zone of volcanic activity between 50 and 200 kilometers (31 and 124 mi) in width. [5] The shape of a volcanic arc is typically convex towards the subducting plate.
The volcano erupted from 1983 to 2018 and is part of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. Mauna Loa is a large shield volcano. Its last eruption was in 2022 and it is part of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. Bowie Seamount is a dormant submarine volcano and part of the Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain.