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Fenoprop, also called 2,4,5-TP, is the organic compound 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid. [2] It is a phenoxy herbicide and a plant growth regulator, an analog of 2,4,5-T in which the latter's acetic acid sidechain is replaced with a propionate group (with an extra CH 3).
Annual defoliation of current-year growth for 5 to 8 years will kill the host tree. [16] Defoliation by the spruce budworm is most clearly reflected in the fir's radial growth . The population of mature balsam fir in a forest is greatly reduced by a combination of factors: its shorter lifespan and a great vulnerability to lethal budworm attacks.
Approximately 182 earthworm taxa in twelve families are reported from the United States and Canada, of which sixty (about 33%) are introduced. [4] Only two genera of lumbricid earthworms are indigenous to North America while introduced genera have spread to areas without any native species, especially in the north where forest ecosystems rely on a large amount of undecayed leaf matter.
Many different species of earthworms throughout Northern Minnesota and Wisconsin have been connected with the reduction of native plants. [14] Specifically, trees like poplar, birch, and maple are disfavored by the change in habitat, as are many forest herbs like Aralia, Viola, and Botrychium.
Earthworms use, in addition to the digestive proteins, a class of surface active compounds called drilodefensins, which help digest plant material. [29] Instead of being coiled like a mammalian intestine, in the earthworm's intestine a large mid-dorsal, tongue-like fold is present, called a typhlosole , with many folds running along its length ...
The length of earthworms can vary from 1.0 cm (0.39 in) to 2 m (6 ft 7 in). [3] The number of spermathecal pores is normally paired, but multiples can be present in some species. The location of spermathecal pores and how they are positioned in different segmental locations is used in the identification of different megascolecidids. [5]
repels whiteflies, kills nematodes [2] Garlic: repels root maggots, [2] cabbage looper, Mexican bean beetle, and peach tree borer. Geranium: repel leafhoppers, the corn earworm, and the Small White [3] Hyssop: repels the cabbage looper and the Small White [3] Larkspurs: repel aphids [3] Lavender
Pesticides, because they are toxic chemicals meant to kill pest species, can affect non-target species, such as plants, animals and humans. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, because they are sprayed or spread across entire agricultural fields. [ 1 ]