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Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia. In its broadest sense, it is a paraphyletic group encompassing all tetrapods excluding the amniotes (tetrapods with an amniotic membrane , such as modern reptiles , birds and mammals ).
Niche models are a notable class of CRMs which are described by the system of coupled ordinary differential equations, [7] [8] = (), =, …,, = + = (), =, …,, where (, …,) is a vector abbreviation for resource abundances, is the per-capita growth rate of species , is the growth rate of species in the absence of consumption, and is the rate per unit species population that species depletes ...
Consumer–resource interactions are the core motif of ecological food chains or food webs, [1] and are an umbrella term for a variety of more specialized types of biological species interactions including prey-predator (see predation), host-parasite (see parasitism), plant-herbivore and victim-exploiter systems.
Since herbicides and pesticides affect the prevalence of R. ondatrae in frogs, they tend to increase mortality and pathology due to extra or missing limbs. [4] The birds that eat the crippled amphibians act as a tertiary host in which the flatworm reproduces, and by which it is spread over larger distances. [5]
Vertebrate maternal behavior is a form of parental care that is specifically given to young animals by their mother in order to ensure the survival of the young. [1] Parental care is a form of altruism, which means that the behaviors involved often require a sacrifice that could put their own survival at risk. [ 1 ]
Darwin's frog is a small species with a snout–to–vent length of 2.2 to 3.1 cm (0.9 to 1.2 in). The snout is elongated into a fleshy proboscis which gives the head a triangular shape.
Research suggests the relationship between the chorus size and the costs and benefits of frog chorusing behavior. The benefit of frog chorusing behavior is increased in larger chorus size because increase of chorus size leads to increase of operational sex ratio, probability of mating, and decrease of predation risk.
This would help account for the relative scarcity of amphibian fossils from the period before the groups split. [24] Another molecular phylogenetic analysis conducted about the same time concluded that lissamphibians first appeared about 330 million years ago and that the temnospondyl-origin hypothesis is more credible than other theories.