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Hypophosphorous acid was first prepared in 1816 by the French chemist Pierre Louis Dulong (1785–1838). [4]The acid is prepared industrially via a two step process: Firstly, elemental white phosphorus reacts with alkali and alkaline earth hydroxides to give an aqueous solution of hypophosphites:
The pH range is commonly given as zero to 14, but a pH value can be less than 0 for very concentrated strong acids or greater than 14 for very concentrated strong bases. [2] The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement. [3]
Mn(OH) 2 adopts the brucite structure, i.e. the arrangement of the atoms in the crystal are the same as the arrangement of the atoms in Mg(OH) 2. The Mn(II) centers are bonded to six hydroxide ligands. Each hydroxide ligand bridges to three Mn(II) sites. The O-H bonds are perpendicular to the planes defined by the oxygen atoms, projecting above ...
Each element has an atomic mass, and considering molecules as collections of atoms, compounds have a definite molecular mass, which when expressed in daltons is numerically equal to the molar mass in g/mol. By definition, the atomic mass of carbon-12 is 12 Da, giving a molar mass of 12 g/mol.
Pourbaix diagram of iron. [1] The Y axis corresponds to voltage potential. In electrochemistry, and more generally in solution chemistry, a Pourbaix diagram, also known as a potential/pH diagram, E H –pH diagram or a pE/pH diagram, is a plot of possible thermodynamically stable phases (i.e., at chemical equilibrium) of an aqueous electrochemical system.
The pH of a solution is equal to the decimal cologarithm of the hydrogen cation concentration; [note 2] the pH of pure water is close to 7 at ambient temperatures. The concentration of hydroxide ions can be expressed in terms of pOH, which is close to (14 − pH), [note 3] so the pOH of pure water is also close to 7. Addition of a base to water ...
Normality is defined as the number of gram or mole equivalents of solute present in one liter of solution.The SI unit of normality is equivalents per liter (Eq/L). = where N is normality, m sol is the mass of solute in grams, EW sol is the equivalent weight of solute, and V soln is the volume of the entire solution in liters.
The atoms are arranged in a hydrargillite-like layer structure, with each sodium atom surrounded by six oxygen atoms, three each from hydroxide ions and three from water molecules. The hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyls form strong bonds with oxygen atoms within each O layer. Adjacent O layers are held together by hydrogen bonds between water ...