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That means that there is an equal amount of power in the s and p polarizations, so that the effective reflectivity of the material is just the average of the two reflectivities: = (+). For low-precision applications involving unpolarized light, such as computer graphics , rather than rigorously computing the effective reflection coefficient for ...
9.3 Tall parentheses and fractions. 9.4 Integrals. 9.5 Matrices and determinants. 9.6 Summation. ... However, if the formula contains an equal sign, ...
Absorbance is defined as "the logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a sample (excluding the effects on cell walls)". [1] Alternatively, for samples which scatter light, absorbance may be defined as "the negative logarithm of one minus absorptance, as measured on a uniform sample". [2]
However the titles of bonds issued by governments and other issuers use the fractional form, e.g. "3 + 1 ⁄ 2 % Unsecured Loan Stock 2032 Series 2". (When interest rates are very low, the number 0 is included if the interest rate is less than 1%, e.g. "0 + 3 ⁄ 4 % Treasury Stock", not "3 ⁄ 4 % Treasury Stock".) It is also widely accepted ...
25.3% 22.6% 21.7% 23% 1 20.4% 20% 18.3% ... Power; Quotient; L'Hôpital's rule; ... Euler's formula; Partial fractions (Heaviside's method)
An infinite series of any rational function of can be reduced to a finite series of polygamma functions, by use of partial fraction decomposition, [8] as explained here. This fact can also be applied to finite series of rational functions, allowing the result to be computed in constant time even when the series contains a large number of terms.
In the second step, they were divided by 3. The final result, 4 / 3 , is an irreducible fraction because 4 and 3 have no common factors other than 1. The original fraction could have also been reduced in a single step by using the greatest common divisor of 90 and 120, which is 30. As 120 ÷ 30 = 4, and 90 ÷ 30 = 3, one gets
The power coefficient [9] C P (= P/P wind) is the dimensionless ratio of the extractable power P to the kinetic power P wind available in the undistributed stream. [ citation needed ] It has a maximum value C P max = 16/27 = 0.593 (or 59.3%; however, coefficients of performance are usually expressed as a decimal, not a percentage).