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The radial inclination of a distal radius fracture is shown in red in image at right. The angle is measured between: [4] [5] A line drawn between the distal ends of the articular surface of the radius on an AP view of the wrist. A line that is perpendicular to the diaphysis of the radius. Radial inclination is normally 21-25°. [6]
The parallel muscle architecture is found in muscles where the fibers are parallel to the force-generating axis. [1] These muscles are often used for fast or extensive movements and can be measured by the anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA). [3] Parallel muscles can be further defined into three main categories: strap, fusiform, or fan-shaped.
The septa are formed from the fascia which is made up of a strong type of connective tissue. The fascia also separates the skeletal muscles from the subcutaneous tissue. [2] Due to the great pressure placed on the leg, from the column of blood from the heart to the feet, the fascia is very thick in order to support the leg muscles. [3]
Muscle spasm in the affected area [1] Numbness and tingling in an arm or leg [1] [2] Paleness [1] [2] of the skin of the arm or leg; Muscle weakness of an arm or leg, [1] [2] possibly to the grade of paralysis [2] Later symptoms are closely related to infarction of the tissue supplied by the occluded artery: Blisters of the skin in the affected ...
A better estimate is provided by the total area of the cross-sections perpendicular to the muscle fibers (green lines in figure 1). This measure is known as the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), and is commonly calculated and defined by the following formula, developed in 1975 by Alexander and Vernon: [4] [5] [6]
Loss of radial inclination is associated with loss of grip strength. [5] Radial length - It is the vertical distance in millimetres between a line tangential to the articular surface of the ulna and a tangential line drawn at the most distal point of radius (radial styloid). Shortening of radial length more than 4mm is associated with wrist ...
The muscle produces simultaneous plantar flexion and supination in the non-weight-bearing leg, and approximates the heel to the calf of the leg. The flexor hallucis longus arises distally on the fibula and on the interosseus membrane from where its relatively thick muscle belly extends far distally.
Anisotropy tends to be shown either as a graph plotting resistance, reactance, or phase as a function of angle with respect to the direction of muscle fibers or as a ratio of transverse (perpendicular to fibers) measurement to longitudinal measurement (parallel to muscle fibers) of a given impedance factor.