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The Central Agricultural Zone was marked by lower living standards for peasants, and an extremely dense and poor rural population. [1] [2] It was surrounded by areas where commercial farming was prevalent: in the Baltic were capitalist farms able to hire wage-labour due to the Emancipation in 1817 with access to Western grain markets, in Western Ukraine nobles had established vast sugar-beet ...
Growth of Russia between 1547 and 1725. The steppe and forest-steppe of Ukraine and southern Russia, traditionally held by pastoral nomads, provided agricultural opportunities. States that were able to settle the land with tax-paying peasants could significantly increase their power. From 1500 to 1800, this region came under Russian control.
It may, for example, refer to European Russia (except the North Caucasus and Kaliningrad). [citation needed] The 1967 book by Stephen P. Dunn and Ethel Dunn The Peasants of Central Russia [1] defines the area as the territory from Novgorod Oblast to the north to the border with Ukraine in the south and from Smolensk Oblast to the west and Volga ...
The black-earth belt (or chernozem) stretched in a broad band north-east from the Romanian border to include Ukraine, Central Agricultural Region, Middle Volga region, south-west Urals and south-western Siberia. This expanse, together with the alluvial zone of the Kuban in the North Caucasus, constituted the fertile `grain-surplus' steppe areas ...
The state peasants were created by decrees of Peter I and applied to population who were involved in land cultivation and agriculture: various peasant classes, single homesteaders (Russian military people on the border area adjoining the wild steppe), non- serf Russian people of the Russian North, the non-Russian peoples of the Volga, and the Ural regions.
In 1839, Russia failed to conquer the Khanate of Khiva south of the Aral Sea. In 1847–1853, the Russians built a line of forts from the north side of the Aral Sea eastward up the Syr Darya river. In 1847–1864, they crossed the eastern Kazakh Steppe and built a line of forts along the northern border of Kyrgyzstan .
Obshchina Gathering by Sergei Korovin. The organization of the peasant mode of production is the primary cause for the type of social structure found in the obshchina. The relationship between the individual peasant, the family and the community leads to a specific social structure categorized by the creation of familial alliances to apportion risks between members of the community.
Perepelitsyn, A. V. Land lease by peasants of the central chernozem provinces of Russia in the post-reform period / A. V. Perepelitsyn // Social movement and cultural life of Central Russia in the 14th – 20th centuries. Collection of scientific works of Voronezh State University. – Voronezh, 2006.