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The smallest (and unique up to rotation and reflection) non-trivial case of a magic square, order 3. In mathematics, especially historical and recreational mathematics, a square array of numbers, usually positive integers, is called a magic square if the sums of the numbers in each row, each column, and both main diagonals are the same.
The magic constant or magic sum of a magic square is the sum of numbers in any row, column, or diagonal of the magic square. For example, the magic square shown below has a magic constant of 15. For a normal magic square of order n – that is, a magic square which contains the numbers 1, 2, ..., n 2 – the magic constant is = +.
A magic circle can be derived from one or more magic squares by putting a number at each intersection of a circle and a spoke. Additional spokes can be added by replicating the columns of the magic square. In the example in the figure, the following 4 × 4 most-perfect magic square was copied into the upper part of the magic circle. Each number ...
For example the following sequence can be used to form an order 3 magic square according to the Siamese method (9 boxes): 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 (the magic sum gives 75, for all rows, columns and diagonals). The magic sum in these cases will be the sum of the arithmetic progression used divided by the order of the magic square.
A most-perfect magic square of order n is a magic square containing the numbers 1 to n 2 with two additional properties: Each 2 × 2 subsquare sums to 2 s , where s = n 2 + 1. All pairs of integers distant n /2 along a (major) diagonal sum to s .
This list of mathematical series contains formulae for finite and infinite sums. It can be used in conjunction with other tools for evaluating sums. Here, is taken to have the value
No pandiagonal magic square exists of order + if consecutive integers are used. But certain sequences of nonconsecutive integers do admit order-(+) pandiagonal magic squares. Consider the sum 1+2+3+5+6+7 = 24.
An associative magic square is a magic square for which each pair of numbers symmetrically opposite to the center sum up to the same value. For an n × n square, filled with the numbers from 1 to n 2 , this common sum must equal n 2 + 1.