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Intraosseous infusion (IO) is the process of injecting medication, fluids, or blood products directly into the bone marrow; [1] this provides a non-collapsible entry point into the systemic venous system. [2] The intraosseous infusion technique is used to provide fluids and medication when intravenous access is not
Intraosseous infusion (into the bone marrow) is, in effect, an indirect intravenous access because the bone marrow drains directly into the venous system. This route is occasionally used for drugs and fluids in emergency medicine and pediatrics when intravenous access is difficult.
In emergency situations when peripheral access cannot be easily achieved, such as in arrest scenarios, intraosseous methods can be used to gain rapid access to the venous system. These methods usually involve inserting an access device into the tibia or femur bones in the legs, humerus in the upper arm, or sometimes the sternum in the chest.
This procedure has fallen out of favor with the development of safer techniques for central venous catheterization such as the Seldinger technique, the modified Seldinger technique, [1] [2] [3] intraosseous infusion, as well as the use of ultrasound guidance for placement of central venous catheters without using the cutdown technique. [4] [5] [6]
Advanced cardiac life support, advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) refers to a set of clinical guidelines established by the American Heart Association (AHA) for the urgent and emergent treatment of life-threatening cardiovascular conditions that will cause or have caused cardiac arrest, using advanced medical procedures, medications, and techniques.
Administration can take place via enteral administration (absorption of the drug through the gastrointestinal tract) [2] or parenteral administration (generally injection, infusion, or implantation). [3] [4] Contrast with topical administration where the effect is generally local. [4]
The last image we have of Patrick Cagey is of his first moments as a free man. He has just walked out of a 30-day drug treatment center in Georgetown, Kentucky, dressed in gym clothes and carrying a Nike duffel bag.
Intravenous fluid / Intraosseous infusion / Blood transfusion with packed red blood cells: Cardiogenic shock: Cardiac output: Positive inotropic agents / Chronotropes: Distributive shock: Sepsis (Septic shock) Vascular permeability: Vasopressors: Neurogenic shock: Total peripheral resistance: Obstructive shock: Cardiac tamponade: Beck's triad