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The Association for Investment Management and Research (AIMR) was founded in 1990 as the umbrella organization for the ICFA and the FAF, still separate entities at that time. ICFA and the FAF consolidated under AIMR in 1999. [8] In 2004, the Association for Investment Management and Research voted to change its name to the CFA Institute. [11]
Students must earn a minimum passing grade of 80% in each course assessment and pass the final exam to complete the requirements of the program and to receive a certificate of completion. [4] [5] Curriculum topic distributions are as follows: [6] Financial Modeling (25%) Finance Theory and Math (23%) Excel Skills (17%) Business Valuation (10%)
During the period 2010–2021, pass rates for Levels 1-3 ranged from 22-56%. [11] The CFA Level 1 examination in May 2021 and July 2021 made news headlines after plummeting to a record-low pass rate of 25% and 22%, respectively, [12] [13] [14] and in August 2021, the level 2 pass rate fell to 29%. [15]
The investment banking industry, including boutique investment banks, have come under criticism for a variety of reasons, including perceived conflicts of interest, overly large pay packages, cartel-like or oligopolistic behavior, taking both sides in transactions, and more. [50] Investment banking has also been criticized for its opacity. [51]
Corporate finance is an area of finance that deals with the sources of funding, and the capital structure of businesses, the actions that managers take to increase the value of the firm to the shareholders, and the tools and analysis used to allocate financial resources.
The ACIIA is recognised and promoted by both ASIF and EFFAS representing financial analyst federations in Asia and Europe. ACIIA is the international umbrella organisation for national and regional associations of investment professionals representing over 60,000 portfolio managers, analysts, investment advisers, asset managers and fund managers etc. worldwide.
This list of investment banks notes full-service banks, financial conglomerates, independent investment banks, private placement firms and notable acquired, merged, or bankrupt investment banks. As an industry it is broken up into the Bulge Bracket (upper tier), Middle Market (mid-level businesses), and boutique market (specialized businesses).
The Certified Financial Planner certification is a professional certification mark for financial planners conferred by the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards (CFP Board) [1] in the United States, and by 25 other organizations affiliated with the Financial Planning Standards Board (FPSB), [2] the owner of the CFP mark outside of the United States.