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Ship stability is an area of naval architecture and ship design that deals with how a ship behaves at sea, both in still water and in waves, whether intact or damaged. Stability calculations focus on centers of gravity , centers of buoyancy , the metacenters of vessels, and on how these interact.
Ship stability diagram showing centre of gravity (G), centre of buoyancy (B), and metacentre (M) with ship upright and heeled over to one side. As long as the load of a ship remains stable, G is fixed (relative to the ship). For small angles, M can also be considered to be fixed, while B moves as the ship heels.
The stability conditions of watercraft are the various standard loading configurations to which a ship, boat, or offshore platform may be subjected. They are recognized by classification societies such as Det Norske Veritas , Lloyd's Register and American Bureau of Shipping (ABS).
Graphical representation of the dimensions used to describe a ship. Dimension "b" is the beam at waterline.. The beam of a ship is its width at its widest point. The maximum beam (B MAX) is the distance between planes passing through the outer sides of the ship, beam of the hull (B H) only includes permanently fixed parts of the hull, and beam at waterline (B WL) is the maximum width where the ...
The Code contains both mandatory regulations and recommended provisions, setting out the minimum stability standards for ships. [6] This includes information on precautions against capsizing, metacentric heights (GM), righting levers (GZ), rolling criteria, Free surface effect and watertight integrity.
Lightweight displacement – LWD – The weight or mass of the ship excluding cargo, fuel, ballast, stores, passengers, and crew, but with water in the boilers to steaming level. Loadline displacement – The weight or mass of the ship loaded to the load line or plimsoll mark. Deadweight tonnage (DWT) is a measure of how much weight a ship can ...
Angle of loll is the state of a ship that is unstable when upright (i.e. has a negative metacentric height) and therefore takes on an angle of heel to either port or starboard. When a vessel has negative metacentric height (GM) i.e., is in unstable equilibrium, any external force applied to the vessel will cause it to start heeling.
A heavily listing ship The angle of list is the degree to which a vessel heels (leans or tilts) to either port or starboard at equilibrium—with no external forces acting upon it. [ 1 ] If a listing ship goes beyond the point where a righting moment will keep it afloat, it will capsize and potentially sink.