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[1] [3] Estradiol, an estrane, is the most potent and prevalent. [1] Another estrogen called estetrol (E4) is produced only during pregnancy. Estrogens are synthesized in all vertebrates [4] and some insects. [5] Quantitatively, estrogens circulate at lower levels than androgens in both men and women. [6]
Given by subcutaneous injection in mice, estradiol is about 10-fold more potent than estrone and about 100-fold more potent than estriol. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] [ 48 ] As such, estradiol is the main estrogen in the body, although the roles of estrone and estriol as estrogens are said not to be negligible.
A nonsteroidal estrogen is an estrogen with a nonsteroidal chemical structure. [1] The most well-known example is the stilbestrol estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES). [1] [2] Although nonsteroidal estrogens formerly had an important place in medicine, they have gradually fallen out of favor following the discovery of toxicities associated with high-dose DES starting in the early 1970s, and are ...
Stilbestrol, or stilboestrol, also known as 4,4'-dihydroxystilbene or 4,4'-stilbenediol, is a stilbenoid nonsteroidal estrogen [1] and the parent compound of a group of more potent nonsteroidal estrogen derivatives that includes, most notably, diethylstilbestrol (DES).
It is reported to be the most estrogenic phytoestrogen known. [1] The compound is equipotent at the two forms of estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, [2] and it acts as a full agonist of ERα. [3] Its effects are similar to those of estradiol, but it is considerably less potent in comparison. [2]
Analogously to the reversible transformation of estrone into estradiol by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, equilin can be converted into the more potent estrogen 17β-dihydroequilin in the body. [2] [3] This estrogen has about 113% and 108% of the relative binding affinities of estradiol for the ERα and ERβ, respectively.
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