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Tumor markers can be molecules that are produced in higher amounts by cancer cells than normal cells, but can also be produced by other cells from a reaction with the cancer. [2] The markers can't be used to give patients a diagnosis but can be compared with the result of other tests like biopsy or imaging. [2]
This test is intended for women with early-stage (Stage I or II), node-negative, estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) invasive breast cancer who will be treated with hormone therapy. Oncotype DX looks at a panel of 21 genes in cells taken during tumor biopsy .
In biomedical contexts, a biomarker, or biological marker, is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. Biomarkers are often measured and evaluated using blood, urine, or soft tissues [1] to examine normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. [2]
Processing of tumor antigens recognized by CD8+ T cells. Normal proteins in the body are not antigenic because of self-tolerance, a process in which self-reacting cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and autoantibody-producing B lymphocytes are culled "centrally" in primary lymphatic tissue (BM) and "peripherally" in secondary lymphatic tissue (mostly thymus for T-cells and spleen/lymph nodes for B ...
Lung cancer is one of the commonest malignancies, both by incidence (about 15% for both men and women in USA and in Europe) and by mortality (25% for women and 30% for men). One major reason why the mortality is higher than the incidence is that lung cancer is mostly detected and diagnosed at a late stage. Early detection could reduce the ...
PLAP is a tumor marker, especially in seminoma [8] [9] [10] and ovarian cancer (e.g., dysgerminoma). [11] PLAP is reliable only in non-smokers, as smoking interferes with measurement of PLAP, [12] since serum concentrations of PLAP are increased up to 10-fold in smokers and its measurement is therefore of little value in this group. [13]
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