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The bone salt and collagen fibers together constitute the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. Often the plural form "bone salts" is used; it reflects the notion of various salts that, on the level of molecular metabolism, can go into the formation of the hydroxyapatite. Bone mineral is dynamic in living animals; it is continually being ...
Mineral storage – bones act as reserves of minerals important for the body, most notably calcium and phosphorus. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] [ 60 ] Determined by the species, age, and the type of bone, bone cells make up to 15 percent of the bone.
This can be done in terms of the chemical elements present, or by molecular structure e.g., water, protein, fats (or lipids), hydroxyapatite (in bones), carbohydrates (such as glycogen and glucose) and DNA. In terms of tissue type, the body may be analyzed into water, fat, connective tissue, muscle, bone, etc.
Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen are the most abundant elements in the body by weight and make up about 96% of the weight of a human body. Calcium makes up 920 to 1200 grams of adult body weight, with 99% of it contained in bones and teeth.
Up to 50% by volume and 70% by weight of human bone is a modified form of hydroxyapatite, known as bone mineral. [7] Carbonated calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite is the main mineral of which dental enamel and dentin are composed.
Several hypotheses have been proposed for how bone evolved as a structural element in vertebrates. One hypothesis is that bone developed from tissues that evolved to store minerals. Specifically, calcium-based minerals were stored in cartilage and bone was an exaptation development from this calcified cartilage. [5]
The stoichiometry of bone mineral basically is that of hydroxyapatite precipitating from phosphate, calcium, and water at a slightly alkaline pH: [29] 6 HPO 2− 4 + 2 H 2 O + 10 Ca 2+ ⇌ Ca 10 (PO 4) 6 (OH) 2 + 8 H + In a closed system as mineral precipitates, acid accumulates, rapidly lowering the pH and stopping further precipitation ...
Bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebral skeleton. Bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals and also enable mobility. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue. Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have a complex internal and external structure.
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