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2. Vigenère cipher - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigenère_cipher

   Despite the Vigenère cipher's apparent strength, it never became widely used throughout Europe. The Gronsfeld cipher is a variant attributed by Gaspar Schott to Count Gronsfeld (Josse Maximilaan van Gronsveld né van Bronckhorst) but was actually used much earlier by an ambassador of Duke of Mantua in 1560s-1570s. It is identical to the ...

3. Kasiski examination - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasiski_examination

   In polyalphabetic substitution ciphers where the substitution alphabets are chosen by the use of a keyword, the Kasiski examination allows a cryptanalyst to deduce the length of the keyword. Once the length of the keyword is discovered, the cryptanalyst lines up the ciphertext in n columns, where n is the length of the keyword.

4. Giovan Battista Bellaso - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovan_Battista_Bellaso

   It is very similar to the Vigenère cipher, making many scholars call Bellaso its inventor, although unlike the modern Vigenère cipher Bellaso didn't use 26 different "shifts" (different Caesar's ciphers) for every letter, instead opting for 13 shifts for pairs of letters. The system is still periodic although the use of one or more long ...

5. Tabula recta - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_recta

   All polyalphabetic ciphers based on the Caesar cipher can be described in terms of the tabula recta. The tabula recta uses a letter square with the 26 letters of the alphabet followed by 26 rows of additional letters, each shifted once to the left from the one above it. This, in essence, creates 26 different Caesar ciphers. [1]

6. Polyalphabetic cipher - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyalphabetic_cipher

   However, it has been claimed that polyalphabetic ciphers may have been developed by the Arab cryptologist Al Kindi (801–873) centuries earlier. [2] The Alberti cipher by Leon Battista Alberti around 1467 was an early polyalphabetic cipher. Alberti used a mixed alphabet to encrypt a message, but whenever he wanted to, he would switch to a ...

7. Timeline of cryptography - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cryptography

   1854 – Charles Wheatstone invents the Playfair cipher; c. 1854 – Babbage's method for breaking polyalphabetic ciphers (pub 1863 by Kasiski) 1855 – For the English side in Crimean War, Charles Babbage broke Vigenère's autokey cipher (the 'unbreakable cipher' of the time) as well as the much weaker cipher that is called Vigenère cipher ...