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The Samudera Pasai Sultanate ( Malay: كسلطانن سامودرا ڤاساي ), also known as Samudera or Pasai or Samudera Darussalam or Pacem, was a Muslim kingdom on the north coast of Sumatra from the 13th to the 16th centuries. Little evidence has been left to allow for historical study of the kingdom. [1] The kingdom was believed to ...
Philip Khuri Hitti ( Arabic: فيليب خوري حتي; 22 June 1886 – 24 December 1978) was a Lebanese-American professor and scholar at Princeton and Harvard University, and authority on Arab and Middle Eastern history, Islam, and Semitic languages. He almost single-handedly created the discipline of Arabic studies in the United States.
The Hanafi school or Hanafism ( Arabic: ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلْحَنَفِيّ, romanized : al-madhhab al-ḥanafī) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. [ 1] It was established by the 8th-century scholar, jurist, and theologian Abu Hanifa, a follower whose legal views were primarily preserved by ...
Islam. Islam ( / ˈɪzlɑːm, ˈɪzlæm / IZ-la (h)m; [ 7] Arabic: ٱلْإِسْلَام, romanized : al-Islām, IPA: [alʔɪsˈlaːm], lit. 'submission [to the will of God]') is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
'Strengthener of God's Faith'), was the fourteenth and last caliph of the Fatimid dynasty, and the twenty-fourth imam of the Hafizi Isma'ili branch of Shi'a Islam, reigning from 1160 to 1171. Like his two immediate predecessors, al-Adid came to the throne as a child, and spent his reign as a puppet of various strongmen who occupied the vizierate.
Unlike contemporary scholarship, which relied on traditions and historical narratives from early Islam, Ibn Taymiyya's methodology was a mixture of the selective use of hadith and a literal understanding of the Quran. [226] [227] He rejected most philosophical approaches to Islam and proposed a clear, simple and dogmatic theology instead. [226]
Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub[ a] ( c. 1137 – 4 March 1193), commonly known as Saladin, [ b] was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Hailing from a Kurdish family, he was the first sultan of both Egypt and Syria. An important figure of the Third Crusade, he spearheaded the Muslim military effort against the Crusader states in the Levant.
Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (/ ˈ h ʊ s ɜːr l / HUUSS-url, [14] [15] [16] US also / ˈ h ʊ s ər əl / HUUSS-ər-əl, [17] German: [ˈɛtmʊnt ˈhʊsɐl]; [18] 8 April 1859 – 27 April 1938 [19]) was an Austrian-German philosopher and mathematician who established the school of phenomenology.