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Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN) testing is a common practice used by law enforcement in the United States in the identification of persons who are intoxicated or under the influence of a controlled substance. The key difference between recognizing PAN and horizontal gaze nystagmus is the position of the subject's head in relation to the body.
ICD-9-CM. 95.44. MedlinePlus. 003429. In medicine, the caloric reflex test (sometimes termed 'vestibular caloric stimulation ') is a test of the vestibulo-ocular reflex that involves irrigating cold or warm water or air into the external auditory canal. This method was developed by Robert Bárány, who won a Nobel prize in 1914 for this discovery.
Nystagmus can be clinically investigated by using a number of non-invasive standard tests. The simplest one is the caloric reflex test, in which one ear canal is irrigated with warm or cold water or air. The temperature gradient provokes the stimulation of the horizontal semicircular canal and the consequent nystagmus.
Thoracic diaphragm. The thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm ( / ˈdaɪəfræm /; [ 1] Ancient Greek: διάφραγμα, romanized : diáphragma, lit. 'partition'), is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle [ 2] in humans and other mammals that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm is the most important muscle of ...
The major function of the lungs is gas exchange between the lungs and the blood. [69] The alveolar and pulmonary capillary gases equilibrate across the thin blood–air barrier . [ 36 ] [ 70 ] [ 71 ] This thin membrane (about 0.5 –2 μm thick) is folded into about 300 million alveoli, providing an extremely large surface area (estimates ...
The paramedian pontine reticular formation ( PPRF) (also known as paraabducens nucleus) is a subset of neurons of the oral and caudal pontine reticular nuclei mediating horizontal gaze. [ 1] It is situated in the pons adjacent to the abducens nucleus. [ 2] It projects to the ipsilateral abducens (cranial nerve VI) nucleus, and contralateral ...
The lungs are the largest organs in the lower respiratory tract. The lungs are suspended within the pleural cavity of the thorax. The pleurae are two thin membranes, one cell layer thick, which surround the lungs. The inner (visceral pleura) covers the lungs and the outer (parietal pleura) lines the inner surface of the chest wall. This ...
Bronchopulmonary segments visible but not labeled. A bronchopulmonary segment is a portion of lung supplied by a specific segmental bronchus and its vessels. [ 1][ 2] These arteries branch from the pulmonary and bronchial arteries, and run together through the center of the segment. Veins and lymphatic vessels drain along the edges of the segment.