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Vitamin D compounds, specifically cholecalciferol (D3) and ergocalciferol (D2), are used in rodenticides due to their ability to induce hypercalcemia, a condition characterized by elevated calcium levels in the blood. This overdose leads to organ failure and is pharmacologically similar to vitamin D's toxic effects in humans.
The Z-score for bone density is the comparison to the "age-matched normal" and is usually used in cases of severe osteoporosis. This is the standard score or number of standard deviations a patient's bone mineral density differs from the average for their age, sex, and ethnicity. This value is used in premenopausal women, men under the age of ...
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is the most widely used and most thoroughly studied bone density measurement technology. The DXA scan is typically used to diagnose and follow osteoporosis, as contrasted to the nuclear bone scan, which is sensitive to certain metabolic diseases of bones in which bones are trying to heal from infections ...
Radiofrequency Echographic Multi Spectrometry (REMS) is a non-ionizing technology for osteoporosis diagnosis and for fracture risk assessment. REMS processes the raw, unfiltered ultrasound signals acquired during an echographic scan of the axial sites, femur and spine. The analysis is performed in the frequency domain.
Vitamin D (the inactive version) is mainly from two forms: vitamin D 3 and vitamin D 2. Vitamin D 3, or cholecalciferol, is formed in the skin after exposure to sunlight or ultra violet radiation or from D 3 supplements or fortified food sources. Vitamin D 2, or ergocalciferol, is obtained from D 2 supplements or fortified food sources. [3]
The trabecular bone score is a textural parameter that can be applied to DEXA, which quantifies the local variations in gray level. TBS is derived from the evaluation of the experimental variogram, obtained from the grayscale DEXA. [citation needed] It was found that TBS is a reflection of the structural condition of the bone microarchitecture.
The US National Osteoporosis Foundation recommends pharmacologic treatment for patients with hip or spine fracture thought to be related to osteoporosis, those with BMD 2.5 SD or more below the young normal mean (T-score -2.5 or below), and those with BMD between 1 and 2.5 SD below normal mean whose 10-year risk, using FRAX, for hip fracture is ...
Mapping of several bone diseases onto levels of vitamin D (calcidiol) in the blood [6] Normal bone vs. osteoporosis. Vitamin D deficiency is typically diagnosed by measuring the concentration of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the blood, which is the most accurate measure of stores of vitamin D in the body.