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The main factors to consider in pregnancy planning for HIV positive individuals are the risk of disease transmission between the sexual partners themselves and the risk of disease transmission to the fetus. Both risks can be mitigated with appropriate perinatal planning and preventative care. [12]
HAART also prevents the transmission of HIV between serodiscordant same-sex and opposite-sex partners so long as the HIV-positive partner maintains an undetectable viral load. [3] Treatment has been so successful that in many parts of the world, HIV has become a chronic condition in which progression to AIDS is increasingly rare.
The testing and treatment of HIV-positive mothers during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding has since led to the reduction of the risk of transmission by up to 95%. [15] A program for offering ARVs for life to any HIV-positive pregnant woman called "Option B+" served as a precursor to the "test and treat" strategy that is now being rolled ...
It works by inhibiting the enzyme reverse transcriptase that HIV uses to make DNA and therefore decreases replication of the virus. [6] Zidovudine was first described in 1964. [7] It was resynthesized from a public-domain formula by Burroughs Wellcome. [8] It was approved in the United States in 1987 and was the first treatment for HIV.
PEP treatment is recommended after a sexual assault when the perpetrator is known to be HIV-positive, but is controversial when their HIV status is unknown. [146] The duration of treatment is usually four weeks [ 147 ] and is frequently associated with adverse effects—where zidovudine is used, about 70% of cases result in adverse effects such ...
Early treatment of HIV-infected people with antiretrovirals protected 96% of partners from infection. [43] [8] Pre-exposure prophylaxis with a daily dose of tenofovir with or without emtricitabine is effective in a number of groups, including men who have sex with men, couples where one is HIV positive, and young heterosexuals in Africa. [26]
It was approved for PrEP against HIV infection in the United States in 2012. [17] The CDC recommends PrEP be considered for the following high-risk groups: [18] Individuals in an ongoing sexual relationship with an HIV-positive partner; Gay or bisexual men who either have had anal sex without a condom or been diagnosed with an STD in the past ...
A small percentage of HIV-1 infected individuals retain high levels of CD4+ T-cells without antiretroviral therapy. However, most have detectable viral loads and will eventually progress to AIDS without treatment. These individuals are classified as HIV controllers or long-term nonprogressors (LTNP). People who maintain CD4+ T cell counts and ...