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The planet Jupiter is a slight oblate spheroid with a flattening of 0.06487. The oblate spheroid is the approximate shape of rotating planets and other celestial bodies, including Earth, Saturn, Jupiter, and the quickly spinning star Altair. Saturn is the most oblate planet in the Solar System, with a flattening of 0.09796. [5]
Prolate spheroidal coordinates μ and ν for a = 1.The lines of equal values of μ and ν are shown on the xz-plane, i.e. for φ = 0.The surfaces of constant μ and ν are obtained by rotation about the z-axis, so that the diagram is valid for any plane containing the z-axis: i.e. for any φ.
Figure 1: Coordinate isosurfaces for a point P (shown as a black sphere) in oblate spheroidal coordinates (μ, ν, φ). The z-axis is vertical, and the foci are at ±2. The red oblate spheroid (flattened sphere) corresponds to μ = 1, whereas the blue half-hyperboloid corresponds to ν = 45°.
The unusual cosmic abundance of alpha nuclides has inspired geometric arrangements of alpha particles as a solution to nuclear shapes, although the atomic nucleus generally assumes a prolate spheroid shape. Nuclides can also be discus-shaped (oblate deformation), triaxial (a combination of oblate and prolate deformation) or pear-shaped. [7] [8]
For a Maclaurin spheroid of eccentricity greater than 0.812670, [3] a Jacobi ellipsoid of the same angular momentum has lower total energy. If such a spheroid is composed of a viscous fluid (or in the presence of gravitational radiation reaction), and if it suffers a perturbation which breaks its rotational symmetry, then it will gradually elongate into the Jacobi ellipsoidal form, while ...
In mathematics, prolate spheroidal wave functions are eigenfunctions of the Laplacian in prolate spheroidal coordinates, adapted to boundary conditions on certain ellipsoids of revolution (an ellipse rotated around its long axis, “cigar shape“). Related are the oblate spheroidal wave functions (“pancake shaped” ellipsoid). [1]
for both prolate and oblate spheroids. For spheres, F a x = F e q = 1 {\displaystyle F_{ax}=F_{eq}=1} , as may be seen by taking the limit p → 1 {\displaystyle p\rightarrow 1} . These formulae may be numerically unstable when p ≈ 1 {\displaystyle p\approx 1} , since the numerator and denominator both go to zero into the p → 1 ...
Tables of numerical values of oblate spheroidal wave functions are given in Flammer, [4] Hanish et al., [16] [17] [18] and Van Buren et al. [19] Asymptotic expansions of angular oblate spheroidal wave functions for large values of have been derived by Müller., [20] also similarly for prolate spheroidal wave functions. [21]