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  2. Biological rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_rules

    The pygmy mammoth is an example of insular dwarfism, a case of Foster's rule, its unusually small body size an adaptation to the limited resources of its island home.. A biological rule or biological law is a generalized law, principle, or rule of thumb formulated to describe patterns observed in living organisms.

  3. Promoter (genetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)

    As promoters are typically immediately adjacent to the gene in question, positions in the promoter are designated relative to the transcriptional start site, where transcription of DNA begins for a particular gene (i.e., positions upstream are negative numbers counting back from -1, for example -100 is a position 100 base pairs upstream).

  4. Complementarity (molecular biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarity_(molecular...

    In nature complementarity is the base principle of DNA replication and transcription as it is a property shared between two DNA or RNA sequences, such that when they are aligned antiparallel to each other, the nucleotide bases at each position in the sequences will be complementary, much like looking in the mirror and seeing the reverse of things.

  5. Gene mapping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_mapping

    There are two distinctive mapping approaches used in the field of genome mapping: genetic maps (also known as linkage maps) [7] and physical maps. [3] While both maps are a collection of genetic markers and gene loci, [8] genetic maps' distances are based on the genetic linkage information, while physical maps use actual physical distances usually measured in number of base pairs.

  6. Situs inversus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situs_inversus

    Right Hand, Left Hand. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00953-3. this book was the 2003 Aventis winner and has a description of the history behind the discovery of this [vague] medical condition. Yokoyama T, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Montgomery CA, Elder FF, Overbeek PA (1993). "Reversal of left-right asymmetry: a situs inversus mutation ...

  7. Biological illustration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_illustration

    Employment opportunities in the biological illustration profession are fairly limited, full-time jobs are not often available, and many experienced illustrators are self-employed, on short-term contracts, or work in science communication careers with few illustration duties. Many illustrators prefer the flexibility of their own working ...

  8. Anatomical terms of location - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location

    For example, structures may be described relative to the anterior superior iliac spine, the medial malleolus or the medial epicondyle. Anatomical lines are used to describe anatomical location. For example, the mid-clavicular line is used as part of the cardiac exam in medicine to feel the apex beat of the heart.

  9. Reverse genetics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_genetics

    Reverse genetics is a method in molecular genetics that is used to help understand the function(s) of a gene by analysing the phenotypic effects caused by genetically engineering specific nucleic acid sequences within the gene.