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These veins are deep veins. Perforator veins drain superficial veins into the deep veins. Three anatomic compartments are described (as networks), (N1) containing the deep veins, (N2) containing the perforator veins, and (N3) containing the superficial veins, known as the saphenous compartment.
Some veins are named after the physician who first described them: Dodd's perforator at the inferior 1/3 of the thigh; Boyd's perforator at the knee level; Cockett's perforators at the inferior 2/3 of the leg (usually there are three: superior medium and inferior Cockett perforators) Others have the name of the deep vein where they drain:
Unlike arterial ultrasonography, venous ultrasonography is carried out with the probe in a transversal position, (perpendicular to the vein axis), displaying cross-sections of the veins. [4] All collateral veins are better detected this way, including perforator veins, but of most importance is the detection of venous thrombosis.
Lower limb venography is indicated in deep vein thrombosis, oedema with unknown cause, and congenital abnormality of the venous system. Less frequently it is used to demonstrate the incompetent valves of perforating veins. Doppler ultrasound is preferable rather than venography to access the competence of the veins.
Communicating veins are veins that communicate two different points of the same venous system. Other veins that connect the superficial venous system with the deep venous system are known as perforator veins. They can communicate the great saphenous vein with the small saphenous vein, (for example the Giacomini vein). [1] [2]
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The posterior tibial vein is accompanied by an homonym artery, the posterior tibial artery, along its course. [2] It lies posterior to the medial malleolus in the ankle. [2] They receive the most important perforator veins: the Cockett perforators, superior, medial and inferior. [3]
The vein can be identified near the saphenous ostium by a typical ultrasonographic image the so-called Mickey mouse sign (the 2 ears will be the GSV and the ASV, the head is the common femoral vein). When the ultrasonography is performed, we can see it running across the anterior face of the thigh in a plan outside the femoral vessels, the GSV ...