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2. Convergence of Probability Measures - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_of_Probability...

   Convergence of Probability Measures is a graduate textbook in the field of mathematical probability theory. It was written by Patrick Billingsley and published by Wiley in 1968. A second edition in 1999 both simplified its treatment of previous topics and updated the book for more recent developments. [1]

3. Probability theory - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory

   If is the Borel σ-algebra on the set of real numbers, then there is a unique probability measure on for any CDF, and vice versa. The measure corresponding to a CDF is said to be induced by the CDF. This measure coincides with the pmf for discrete variables and PDF for continuous variables, making the measure-theoretic approach free of fallacies.

4. Convergence of measures - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_of_measures

   The weak limit of a sequence of probability measures, provided it exists, is a probability measure. In general, if tightness is not assumed, a sequence of probability (or sub-probability) measures may not necessarily converge vaguely to a true probability measure, but rather to a sub-probability measure (a measure such that μ ( X ) ≤ 1 ...

5. Information theory and measure theory - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory_and...

   These separate definitions can be more closely related in terms of measure theory. For discrete random variables, probability mass functions can be considered density functions with respect to the counting measure. Thinking of both the integral and the sum as integration on a measure space allows for a unified treatment.

6. Probability axioms - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_axioms

   The standard probability axioms are the foundations of probability theory introduced by Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov in 1933. [1] These axioms remain central and have direct contributions to mathematics, the physical sciences, and real-world probability cases. [2] There are several other (equivalent) approaches to formalising ...

7. Outline of probability - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_probability

   The certainty that is adopted can be described in terms of a numerical measure, and this number, between 0 and 1 (where 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty) is called the probability. Probability theory is used extensively in statistics , mathematics , science and philosophy to draw conclusions about the likelihood of potential ...

8. Probability interpretations - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_interpretations

   The word probability has been used in a variety of ways since it was first applied to the mathematical study of games of chance.Does probability measure the real, physical, tendency of something to occur, or is it a measure of how strongly one believes it will occur, or does it draw on both these elements?

9. Measure (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_(mathematics)

   Such a measure is called a probability measure or distribution. See the list of probability distributions for instances. The Dirac measure δ a (cf. Dirac delta function) is given by δ a (S) = χ S (a), where χ S is the indicator function of . The measure of a set is 1 if it contains the point and 0 otherwise.