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John Bardeen (/ b ɑːr ˈ d iː n /; May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) [2] was an American electrical engineer and theoretical physicist.He is the only person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon N. Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of ...
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley invented the first working transistors at Bell Labs, the point-contact transistor in 1947. Shockley introduced the improved bipolar junction transistor in 1948, which entered production in the early 1950s and led to the first widespread use of transistors.
Walter Houser Brattain (/ ˈ b r æ t ən /; February 10, 1902 – October 13, 1987) was an American physicist who shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics with John Bardeen and William Shockley for their invention of the point-contact transistor. [1] Brattain devoted much of his life to research on surface states.
Instead, what Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented in 1947 was the first point-contact transistor. [17] To acknowledge this accomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain jointly received the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect". [23] [24]
Brattain attached a small strip of gold foil over the point of a plastic triangle—a configuration which is essentially a point-contact diode. He then carefully sliced through the gold at the tip of the triangle. This produced two electrically isolated gold contacts very close to each other. An early model of a transistor
William Bradford Shockley Jr. (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was an American inventor, physicist, and eugenicist.He was the manager of a research group at Bell Labs that included John Bardeen and Walter Brattain.
Bardeen has been employed by the fire department since 2018. If found guilty, punishments for class B misdemeanors include a maximum sentence of 90 days and a fine up to $250 , according to ...
On November 1, 1956, it was announced that the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics would be awarded to Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain. [45] The related public events of November–December overtired Shockley and took him away from the lab at a time when it had several management problems. Despite the festivities, the atmosphere in the lab was ...